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Synergies of Operation, Information, and Communication Technology for Solving New Societal and Industrial Challenges: Future Directions
Authors: Wenbin Dai; Paulo Leitão; Kim Fung Tsang; Yang Shi; Gerhard Hancke; Lei Shu; Moris Behnam; Jan Haase; Valeriy Vyatkin Extended Abstract: The world is facing a series of new societal and industrial challenges such as continuously increasing costs in food and energy supply and short of skilled labor. To solve these new challenges, operation, information, and communication technologies are entering a new era with more focus target on cost reduction and energy savings. In this paper, To solve these new challenges, operation, information, and communication technologies are entering a new era with more focus target on cost reduction and energy savings as well as enabling a higher level of intelligence with the human-centric closed loop in consideration. Key technologies from operation, information, and communication domains for supporting digital and green transitions, including embedded virtualization, low-code development, digital twins, and industrial agents, are analyzed individually which covers the entire life cycle including the design, development, deployment and operation stage. In addition, the security and sustainability requirements of future industrial automation systems are analyzed. By applying virtualization technologies in IIoT, modeling the resource usage of services using different hardware, designing decision-making and control algorithms, and implementing solutions with low runtime overhead ...
Hierarchical Model-Predictive Droop Control for Voltage and Frequency Restoration in AC Microgrids
Authors: Iresha Poonahela; Abdelbasset Krama; Sertac Bayhan; Ugur Fesli; Mohammad B. Shadmand; Haitham Abu-Rub; Miroslav M. Begovic Abstract: A hierarchical control structure was introduced to allow the integration of power-electronics based distributed generation into the microgrid in a smart and flexible manner. The main aim of the primary controller in such a structure is to achieve accurate active and reactive power sharing, whereas the secondary control aims to ensure voltage and frequency (V/f) stability. Generally, converter-level secondary controllers utilize classical nested loops that suffer from a slow dynamic response and cumbersome parameters tuning. The existing-model-based and estimation-based secondary controllers are fast, but require complex design methodology, high communication bandwidth, and, consequently, higher data analysis and computational burden. This article presents a simple predictive-based secondary control for ac microgrid. The proposed control is fast, robust, simple, requires low communication bandwidth and no parameters tuning. The proposed predictive control is designed to optimally restore voltage and frequency deviations that result from power sharing in the lower control layers. To achieve this, the predicted voltage and current references are utilized to predict the power requirement of the upcoming control cycle. Subsequently, droop characteristics curves are leveraged to estimate V/f deviations based on the ...
Fast Charging Station for Electric Vehicles Based on DC Microgrid
Authors: Harshita Arya and Moumita Das Extended Abstract: As the Electric Vehicle sector is growing rapidly, the demand for charging stations is also increasing with the advancement of electric vehicles. Due to EV, the power demand increases in the household as well as the industrial/commercial purposes. The required power in the charging station is very high. The power demand is even higher in a fast-charging station. In the fast charging, the sudden high-power demand causes voltage instability, power loss, harmonic distortion and transformer overloading on the distribution grid. Hence, this work focuses on, firstly to investigate the fast-charging impact on the grid. Secondly, to provide a solution by integrating renewable energy sources (such as solar PV) along with a battery in dc bus to reduce this effect. The proposed system also facilitates bidirectional power flow from grid to vehicle and vehicle to grid. The two types of charging algorithm multi-stage constant current (CC-CC-CC) and multi-stage constant current constant voltage (CC-CC-CV) are implemented with respect to SOC level of the battery to fast charge the electric vehicles. The SOC estimation is also implemented for the fast charging using the fast-charging algorithms and implemented in the fast-charging unit. The control method of ...
In-Flight Wireless Charging: A Promising Application-Oriented Charging Technique for Drones
Authors: Kaibo Chen and Zhen Zhang Extended Abstract: Drones, especially the most representative battery-powered multirotor drones, have experienced rapid development in practical niches nowadays. Market data indicates a distinct uptrend in the utilization of industrial drones. This means drones are replacing humans to execute a wide range of tasks, such as security management, aerial surveying, and routine inspection, due to their salient features of flexibility, safety, and efficiency. However, on account of the limitation of the onboard battery capacity, the relatively short endurance of drones cannot meet the current demand of continuous operations over long periods and large areas. As a novel research topic, in-flight wireless charging shows enormous development potential and application prospects, as it can effectively cope with the above limitation of the short duration of electric-driven drones. First, this article introduces three main technical challenges of in-flight wireless charging that are significantly different from electric vehicle (EV) wireless charging, including the continuous disturbance of mutual inductance, lightweight design for the receiving side, and fast charging. Then, some emerging solutions are discussed from four perspectives, namely, technical challenges and system construction. In conclusion, this article provides insights into the potential of in-flight wireless charging, sharing reflections on its ...
A Review on Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Microgrids
Authors: Ebrahim Mohammadi, Mojtaba Alizadeh, Mohsen Asgarimoghaddam, Xiaoyu Wang, and Marcelo Godoy Simões Extended Abstract: Fossil fuels with their environmental pollution and low efficiency impact the traditional and conventional power systems. These issues have been supporting a new paradigm of electricity generation locally at the distribution level, with renewable and alternative sources, making possible non-conventional distributed energy resources (DERs). Those are typically called as microgrids (MGs), there are other denominations as well. The main idea is to have microgrids deployed on low- or medium- voltage active distribution networks. They can be advantageous in many different ways, such as improving the energy efficiency and reliability of the system, reducing transmission losses and network congestion, and integration of clean energies. Despite those clear advantages, there are yet challenges in implementing MGs with DER units, those are related to power quality and stability issues - MG’s voltage and fault level changes, energy management, low inertia, further complex protection schemes, load and generation forecasting, cyber-attacks, and cyber security. MGs should operate in grid-connected and isolated modes, with energy management and protection schemes that become more intricate than those in the usual distributed networks. Moreover, due to the rapid load variation in MGs and the ...
Composite Adaptive Synchronous Control of Dual-Drive Gantry Stage With Load Movement
Authors: Pengwei Shi, Xinghu Yu, Xuebo Yang, Juan J. Rodríguez-Andina, Weichao Sun, Huijun Gao Abstract: In recent years, dual-drive gantry systems have been widely used in precision manufacturing due to their large load and high thrust characteristics. However, the difficulty of controlling the system increases due to various uncertainties and nonlinear perturbations in the system. In particular, it is challenging for gantry systems with load movements to perform synchronization tasks. The reason is that the load causes a change in the center of mass of the mechanical beam, which adversely affects the dynamic balance of the dual-drive system. Existing studies rarely compensate for this by using the known motion information of the load, rather than treating it uniformly as an external perturbation and treating it roughly, which is important for precision synchronous motion control. This paper discusses the synchronization control problem of a dual-drive gantry stage with load movement. Considering the rigid-flexible coupling characteristics of gantry mechanical components, a system dynamics model that takes into account both linear feed and rotation modes is proposed. This model contains the actual state of the synchronous motion of the dual-drive gantry system, and specifies the objectives for the controller design. In addition, considering ...
Data Fusion System for Electric Motors Condition Monitoring: An Innovative Solution
Authors: Roque Alfredo Osornio-Rios, Israel Zamudio-Ramírez, Arturo Yosimar Jaen-Cuellar, Jose Antonino-Daviu, and Larisa Dunai Extended Abstract: Electric motors are elementary drivers for various processes in countless applications concerning several areas of modern societies. This relevance can be mainly attributed to their high efficiency and robustness. However, due to their operating conditions, electric motors are subjected to different stresses that may lead to electromechanical damages, which, if not early detected, can cause irreversible failures and high repair costs as well as unplanned production downtimes. Moreover, damages in the different motor components reduce the motor efficiency since they increase the machine losses. In this regard, the analysis of different machine signals has aided in diagnosing these failures; however, few systems can merge the information from relevant signals to identify a wide range of faults under different operating conditions. Another aspect that is extremely relevant for the industry is that the signals used for diagnosis are intended to reduce the invasiveness over motors and machines. This allows the processes to continue their operation without production downtimes. This paper presents recent advances in the electric motor condition monitoring area, which have led to the development of a proprietary data fusion system (DFS) for automatic ...
Remote-Timber: An Outlook for Teleoperated Forestry with First 5G Measurements
Authors: Aamir Mahmood, Sarder Fakhrul Abedin, Mattias O’Nils, Mats Bergman and Mikael Gidlund Extended Abstract: Across all industries, digitalization and automation are on the rise under the Industry 4.0 vision, and the forest industry is no exception. The forest industry depends on distributed flows of raw materials to the industry through various phases, wherein the typical workflow of timber loading and offloading is finding traction in using automation and 5G wireless networking technologies to enhance efficiency and reduce cost. This article presents one such ongoing effort in Sweden, Remote-Timber — demonstrating a 5G-connected teleoperation use-case within a workflow of timber terminal — and disseminates its business attractiveness, unique connectivity requirements/conditions, as well as first measurement results on network performance. The article also outlines the future needs of the 5G network design and optimization from the teleoperation perspective. Overall, the motivation of this article is to disseminate our early-stage findings and reflections to the industrial and academic communities for furthering the research and development activities in enhancing 5G networks for verticals. Learn more about the current projects at Mid Sweden University closely linked to this article:
- Remote-Timer II: Robust wireless infrastructure for remotely controlled timber management (https://www.miun.se/en/Research/research-projects/ongoing-research-projects/robust-wireless-infrastructure-for-remotely-controlled-timber-management/)
- NIIT - Next ...
Sparse Vector Coding for Short-Packet Transmission on Industrial Communications: Reference Architecture and Design Challenges
Authors: AIñigo Bilbao; Lorenzo Fanari; Eneko Iradier; Pablo Angueira and Jon Montalban Extended Abstract: Reliable, fast, and deterministic communications are fundamental for future industrial wireless systems. This goal requires multiple cooperating technologies pertaining to different communication areas. The waveform and coding technique choices are critical to match industrial use cases’ reliability and latency requirements. Specifically, this paper contributes to channel coding in wireless fieldbus links. Classical block coding schemes were designed to maximize information bitrates without stringent latency requirements. Their performance in applications that use short messages degrades significantly. Recently, Sparse Vector Coding (SVC) has been proposed as a coding approach suitable for short packet communications with moderate complexity and low processing latency. SVCs rely on Compressive Sensing (CS) to code and decode the information in a reliable and optimized manner. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of sparse vector coding and a reference communications framework for its implementation on a wireless system. In addition, the mathematical basis of the CS is described and linked to a practical communications system. On the other hand, a set of simulations is also designed to establish the cross-correlation between the different parameters involved in the code design. As a result, the coding ...
A Data-Driven Short-Term PV Generation and Load Forecasting Approach for Microgrid Applications
Authors: Rohit Trivedi; Sandipan Patra; Shafi Khadem Extended Abstract: The data-driven (DD) is a systematic approach to improve the data and model by deriving/adding features to address the problem identified during the iterative loop of forecasting model development. This article proposes a DD framework for forecasting short-term PV generation and load demand. A framework of three stages with a unique contribution in each stage, such as generalizing data preprocessing steps (stage-1), multivariate feature generation and selection (stage-2), and model hyperparameter tuning (stage-3) for further improvement in forecasting is proposed. It focuses on data as well as forecasting models. The whole process is analyzed using the time-series measured data collected from a real-life demonstration project in Ireland. Data preprocessing is generalized for both generation and demand forecasting under the same framework. The relevant features are selected with the help of the proposed random forest sequential forward feature selection algorithm. Hyperparameters are tuned through tree-structured Parzen estimator algorithm for further improvement. In addition, the performance of the classical autoregressive integrated moving average model is compared with the machine learning-based gate recurrent unit, long short term memory, recurrent neural network, and convolutional neural network models. Results show that the data-driven forecasting model framework ...
Cloud and Edge Computing for Smart Management of Power Electronic Converter Fleets: A Key Connective Fabric to Enable the Green Transition
Authors: Daniel Gebbran; Alberto Barragán-Moreno; Pere Izquierdo Gómez; Ramadhani Kurniawan Subroto; Mohammad Mehdi Mardani; Miguel López; Javiera Quiroz; Tomislav Dragičević Extended Abstract: The increasing grid penetration of renewable energy generation, energy storage, and controllable electronic loads, such as electric vehicle (EV) chargers, motor drives, and electrolyzers, is making power electronic converters (PECs)—their controllable grid connection interfaces—omnipresent. Fleets of PECs are therefore becoming key players not only in coordinating generation and storage but also in unlocking the potential for flexibility within each load. In this article, we discuss how cloud-based platforms and edge computing devices can act as interfaces to enable the deployment of advanced control and monitoring algorithms. We present seven different study cases using our own developed cloud-based platform that demonstrate the smart coordination of PECs in a variety of prototypes and real-world solutions. Moreover, the capabilities of cloud and edge computing are highlighted throughout the article at large, effectively characterizing cloud-based operation of fleets of PECs as an essential part of the future energy sector. The applications presented can be categorized into: - Systems monitoring: PEC condition monitoring and battery degradation analysis and forecasting. - Distributed control: voltage imbalance compensation and operation of virtual power plants. - Planning ...
An Overview on Medium Voltage Grid Integration of Ultra-Fast Charging Stations: Current Status and Future Trends
Authors: Adnan Ahmad, Zian Qin, Thiwanka Wijekoon and Pavol Bauer Extended Abstract: The shift towards electric mobility was initiated due to the emphasis on clean and green technologies and the curtailment of greenhouse gas emissions. As on-road electric vehicles (EVs) have grown exponentially over the last decade, so have the charging demands. The low-voltage (LV) distribution network primarily designed for residential power supply is being utilized to provide EV charging facilities. Besides increasing the distribution network’s complexity and dynamics, it will also challenge its operational capabilities, and large-scale upgrades will be required to meet the inevitably increasing charging demands. Contrastively, an ultra-fast (UF) charging infrastructure with dedicated medium voltage (MV) grid connections (feeders) replicating the gasoline refuelling infrastructure can facilitate a seamless transition to EVs and ensure the smooth operation of the power system. This paper reviews state-of-the-art DC fast chargers, the charging infrastructure’s current status, motivation, and challenges for MV UF charging stations (UFCS). Furthermore, we consider the possible UFCS architectures and suitable power electronics topologies for UF charging applications. A state-of-the-art UFCS requires an MV grid connection, and the incoming voltage is step-down either by an MV/LV LFT or an SST to the operating voltage of a ...
Investigation and Reduction of EMI Noise Due to the Reverse Recovery Currents of 50/60 Hz Diode Rectifiers
Authors: Zhedong Ma; Yiming Li; Shuo Wang; Honggang Sheng; Srikanth Lakshmikanthan Extended Abstract: Alternating current (AC) / direct current (DC) power converters with DC-bus filters can achieve high power density, however, it was found in this paper that the reverse recovery currents of the 50/60 Hz diode bridge can lead to significant electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise violating EMI standards above 150kHz. This paper analyzed and quantified the mechanism of the EMI generation due to the reverse recovery currents of the 50/60 Hz diodes. It was found that although the reverse recovery of the 50/60 Hz diode bridge repeats at a frequency of 50/60Hz, the EMI can be very high above 150 kHz due to the operating principle of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) spectrum analyzers. Since the adjacent harmonics have a 50/60 Hz distance, there are 360/300 orders of harmonics due to 50/60Hz reverse recovery currents within twice 9kHz resolution bandwidth (2RBW=18kHz), these harmonics stacked up in the time domain at the output of the intermediate frequency (IF) filter, and the envelop detector catches the increased amplitude and feeds it to the peak, quasi-peak, and average EMI detectors, leading to high measured EMI above 150kHz. Two techniques were proposed to reduce the ...
Recent Advances of Wind-Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Power Generation: A Review
Authors: Pranoy Roy; JiangBiao He; Tiefu Zhao; Yash Veer Singh Extended Abstract: A hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) generally consists of two or more renewable energy sources with complementary power generation profiles, such as wind turbines and photovoltaic systems, along with a low-capacity energy storage system to provide non-intermittent power with increased system efficiency and improved stability. The objective of this study is to present a comprehensive review of various wind-solar HRES from the perspectives of power architectures, mathematical modeling, power electronic converter topologies, and design optimization algorithms. Since the intermittency of HRES can be further reduced by including an energy storage system, this paper critically reviews different types of hybrid energy storage systems, focusing on their coupling technologies and highlighting their major advantages and disadvantages. The basic mathematical modeling of photovoltaic and wind turbine power generation systems, as well as the degradation model of batteries and supercapacitors are also reported. Various HRES power converters and control strategies from the state-of-the-art have been discussed. Different types of energy source combinations, modeling, power converter architectures, sizing, and optimization techniques used in the existing HRES are reviewed in this work, which intends to serve as a comprehensive reference for researchers, engineers, ...
A Review on Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Microgrids
Authors: Ebrahim Mohammadi, Mojtaba Alizadeh, Mohsen Asgarimoghaddam, Xiaoyu Wang, Marcelo Godoy Simões Extended Abstract: Fossil fuels with their environmental pollution and low efficiency impact the traditional and conventional power systems. These issues have been supporting a new paradigm of electricity generation locally at the distribution level, with renewable and alternative sources, making possible non-conventional distributed energy resources (DERs). Those are typically called as microgrids (MGs), there are other denominations as well. The main idea is to have microgrids deployed on low- or medium- voltage active distribution networks. They can be advantageous in many different ways, such as improving the energy efficiency and reliability of the system, reducing transmission losses and network congestion, and integration of clean energies. Despite those clear advantages, there are yet challenges in implementing MGs with DER units, those are related to power quality and stability issues - MG’s voltage and fault level changes, energy management, low inertia, further complex protection schemes, load and generation forecasting, cyber-attacks, and cybersecurity. MGs should operate in grid-connected and isolated modes, with energy management and protection schemes becoming intricated that those in the usual distributed networks. Moreover, due to the rapid load variation in MGs and the variable renewable energy resource ...
Low-Voltage dc System Building Blocks: Integrated Power Flow Control and Short Circuit Protection
Authors: Pavel Purgat, Aditya Shekhar, Zian Qin, Pavol Bauer Extended Abstract: Sustainable power distribution for transportation, industry, and city infrastructure is a global-scale issue. Direct current (DC) power distribution increases system efficiency and reliability in systems with integrated storage, renewable energy, or variable-speed generators. This article gives an in-depth perspective on the advantages and challenges of DC power distribution systems, with a special focus on the current market status and trends. The paper discusses in detail three market segments with different adoption levels where DC is improving operational efficiencies and reducing capital investments. Finally, the article highlights the benefits of solid-state circuit breakers and partially rated power converters capable of creating future-proof, sustainable solutions and how these devices are essential for accelerating the adoption of DC systems. Learn more about three current projects at TU Delft closely linked to this article: This paper has been published the Industrial Electronics Magazine in https://www.ieee-ies.org/pubs/industrial-electronics-magazine Check full paper at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9547339 ...
A Comprehensive Review on Off-Grid and Hybrid Charging Systems for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Gautam Rituraj, Gautham Ram Chandra Mouli and Pavol Bauer Extended Abstract: In recent years, the research interest in off-grid (standalone mode) and hybrid (capable of both standalone and grid-connected modes) charging systems for electric vehicles (EVs) has increased. The main reason is to provide a seamless charging infrastructure in urban and rural areas where the electrical grid is unreliable or unavailable so that EV adoption can be increased worldwide. In this regard, this article reviews the state-of-the-art architectures of the off-grid and hybrid charging systems for EVs. It also investigates their different subsystems, such as single or multiple energy sources, power electronics converters (PECs), energy storage systems (ESS), and energy management strategies (EMS), to find the current status and technology trends. Here, ESS are intensively analyzed regarding battery technology, rated power and energy, and the EMS strategies in terms of EMS algorithms used and the control objective. Whereas renewable energy sources are investigated in terms of their type and rated power, PECs are discussed in terms of isolation, topology, and AC or DC interconnection bus. These subsystems should be optimally integrated and operated to achieve low-cost and efficient EV charging. Furthermore, EV charging connectors, their power level, and standards ...
A Grid-Connected Converter Configuration for the Synergy of Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Storage and Renewable Energy Resources
Authors: Bhaskara Rao Ravada, Narsa Reddy Tummuru and Bala Naga Lingaiah Ande Extended Abstract: The integration of renewable power sources and energy storage using multiport converters is gaining immense attention. Appreciable research has been done and reported regarding the multiport converters. Among them, very few are related to the integration of supercapacitor-battery-based hybrid energy storage (HES). Therefore, focusing on integrating supercapacitor, battery, wind, and photovoltaic, a multisource converter configuration is proposed in this article. Based on the proposed configuration, a grid-connected system, along with supervisory control, is developed. The key contributions of the proposed configuration are as follows. The voltage regulation of supercapacitor is in-built, where extra voltage sensor and extra controller can be avoided. Transient/high-frequency components are diverted to supercapacitor inherently, where extra control circuitry and current sensor to achieve power-sharing among battery and supercapacitor can be avoided. Irrespective of load, the duty cycle of a photovoltaic hybrid converter is almost constant. Transformer is incorporated, which facilitates high voltage gain and galvanic isolation. The mathematical analysis, modeling, and design aspects are presented in detail. The proposed system is validated through digital simulations and experimental results. This paper is published in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics. Check full paper at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9324775 ...
Hairpin Windings: An Opportunity for Next-Generation E-Motors in Transportation
Authors: Stefano Nuzzo, Davide Barater, Chris Gerada and Piermaria Vai Extended Abstract: The technological advancements in the field of both electrical machines and power electronics are extremely promising and seem permitting to achieve the demanding power density and efficiency levels required nowadays by the transportation sector. However, the reliability of components and of their production process is currently a challenge. This is especially true for electrical machines, whose windings and the associated manufacturing process are still far from obtaining the high levels of automation, programmability and repeatibility required by the transportation market to meet the on-going green revolution objectives. This article looks into hairpin windings and proves that they can be a key enabler in this direction, highlighting how high power density, efficiency, reliability and automation can be all pursued at the same time. However, several challenges currently characterizing hairpin technologies still need to be eliminated or at least mitigated. This work thus outlines a number of future actions aiming to address such challenges, which will eventually enable the complete penetration of hairpin windings in transportation thus meeting the green revolution requirements. This paper has been published the Industrial Electronics Magazine in https://www.ieee-ies.org/pubs/industrial-electronics-magazine Learn more about the AUTOMEA project at https://www.automea.unimore.it ...
Open-Loop Synchronization Systems for Grid-Tied Power Converters: Literature Overview, Design Considerations, Advantages, and Disadvantages
Authors: S. Golestan, J. M. Guerrero, Y. Al-Turki, A. M. Abusorrah and J. C. Vasquez Extended Abstract: With the ever-increasing penetration of power electronics converters into power systems in recent years, grid connection codes have enforced more stringent requirements on these converters. Fulfilling these requirements using the phase-locked loop (PLL) concept, which is currently the central concept in designing grid synchronization systems, can sometimes be challenging. To improve the speed/accuracy trade-off of closed-loop synchronization systems (especially PLLs), designing open-loop synchronization (OLS) systems for grid-tied power converters has received attention recently. This article provides a unified summary of recent progress in designing OLS systems. It shows that recent contributions in designing filtering stages and correction systems, which are the key elements of OLS algorithms, are mostly equivalent (or, at least, very similar) concepts/methods. Based on these findings, different OLS systems are combined into some general structures as shown below and comprehensive design guidelines are provided. Directions for future research in the area are also provided in the article. All in all, in scenarios where an improved speed/accuracy tradeoff is required, an OLS algorithm (if designed wisely) might be advantageous over a PLL and therefore deserves to be considered/investigated as an ...
Review on Single-DC-Source Multilevel Inverters: Topologies, Challenges, Industrial Applications, and Recommendations
Authors: M. Trabelsi, H. Vahedi and H. Abu-Rub Extended Abstract: Having a reduced number of switches and isolated DC sources yet generating a higher number of voltage levels has been always the challenge when selecting the appropriate Multilevel Inverter (MLI) topology. Nowadays, Single-DC-Source Multilevel Inverter (SDCS-MLI) topologies are being considered as more suitable for many power system applications such as Renewable Energy (RE) conversion systems and electrified transportations compared to the Multiple-DC-Source MLIs (MDCS-MLIs). Moreover, increasing the power rating and minimizing the switching frequency while maintaining reasonable power quality using a SDCS-MLI is an important requirement and a persistent challenge for the industry. Thus, this paper presents a general review on the available SDCS-MLI topologies and future trends. Existing solutions are discussed and analyzed based on their topologies, number of output voltage levels, number of active/passive components, advantages/limitations, maturity, and industrial applications. Furthermore, recommendations for future research and development are suggested in this paper. Accordingly, the objectives of this paper are listed as follows.
- To review the available SDCS-MLIs.
- To discuss the merits and limitations of each SDCS-MLI.
- To presents potential industrial applications for each topology.
- To give recommendations for further research and development.
Design of a SAE Compliant Multicoil Ground Assembly
Authors: Feiyang Lin, Grant A. Covic and Morris Kesler Extended Abstract: Inductive power transfer is a technology that enables power to be transferred from a primary (ground assembly) to a secondary (vehicle assembly) without a physical connection, simplifying the charging process. Recommended practice proposed by the SAE J2954 working group has put flux limitations for human exposure in stationary electric vehicle charging applications, constraining it to 27 μT RMS. In this article, a complete interoperability test is performed for the UGA and each of the vehicle assemblies presented in the SAE J2954 document. A new multicoil ground assembly (MCGA) is also proposed to reduce the leakage flux. The MCGA can decrease the flux levels by over 25% while enabling interoperable operation with all of the proposed vehicle assemblies proposed in the standards. As such, all the vehicle assemblies studied can meet the EMF requirements. In this work, the ground assembly is the main contributor to leakage flux, except when the DDP WPT3/Z3 secondary vehicle assembly becomes the main contributor. The proposed MCGA is also able to provide similar dc–dc efficiencies compared to the existing Universal Ground Assembly of >89% at the most misaligned point. Additional information: This work was done by ...
Terminal Sliding Mode Control – An Overview
Authors: Xinghuo Yu; Yong Feng; Zhihong Man Extended Abstract: Sliding mode control (SMC) has been a popular control technology due to its simplicity and robustness against uncertainties and disturbances since its inception more than 60 years ago. Its foundation of stability and stabilization is built on the principle of the Lyapunov theory, which ascertains asymptotic stability. In the 1990s, a novel class of SMC called the terminal sliding mode control (TSMC) was proposed, which has been studied extensively, giving rise to a robust control with tunable finite-time convergence to deliver fast response, high precision, and strong robustness. The benefit of TSMC is brought out by using a simple fractional power to ramp up the control force to accelerate convergence when near the target. In recent years, interest in this control technology has been increasing. The uptake of TSMC was reported in many applications such as control of an upper limb exoskeleton, ankle movement using functional electrical stimulation of agonist-antagonist muscles, spacecraft altitude control, missile guidance, control of near space hypersonic vehicles, robots, renewable energy and storage systems, power electronics and power systems, to name just a few. This paper provides an overview of the state of the art of the ...
Family of Transformerless Active Switched Inductor and Switched Capacitor Ćuk DC–DC Converter for High Voltage Gain Applications
Authors: António Manuel Santos Spencer Andrade, Tiago Miguel Klein Faistel, Ademir Toebe, and Ronaldo Antonio Guisso Extended Abstract: This article presents a family of transformerless active switched inductor and switched capacitor Ćuk high voltage gain dc–dc converters. The configuration of this family has the advantages of nonpulsating output current, high step-up voltage gain, low voltage, and current stress across the component. Thus, conduction losses are decreased owing to the low-voltage-rating of the semiconductors. The Ćuk converter with two switched-capacitor cells is evaluated in detail. The experimental results are provided to verify the theoretical analysis. This paper is published in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics. Check full paper at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9462508 ...
Hierarchical Abstraction of Compensator for Reaction Torque Observer Based on Element Description Method
Authors: Issei Takeuchi and Seiichiro Katsura Extended Abstract: The expansion of the applicable range of robots and machines requires the ability to cooperate with humans and adapt to external environments. It is necessary to use torque information in order to achieve these capabilities. A reaction torque observer is one of the effective methods to obtain torque information because it does not need a torque sensor and it can deal with torque information in the high-frequency domain. However, it needs a correct compensator to reject disturbances to estimate the precise torque. Generally, the disturbance compensator of the reaction torque observer is derived by manual model selection and manual/automatic parameter fitting. This method not only takes time and effort but also does not always obtain an optimal solution because it depends on a predetermined model. In particular, it is well known that nonlinear elements such as friction are difficult to model. To overcome this issue, an automatic design method of a disturbance compensator is proposed in this article. The compensator is abstracted automatically using an element description method. Using the element description method, model design in advance is not needed because the model selection and the parameter fitting are conducted simultaneously. Therefore, the ...
Modular Multilevel Converters: Recent Achievements and Challenges
Authors: Marcelo A. Perez; Salvador Ceballos; Georgios Konstantinou; Josep Pou; Ricardo P. Aguilera Extended Abstract: The modular multilevel converter (MMC) is currently one of the power converter topologies, which has largely increased its research and development worldwide. Its features, such as high quality of voltages and currents, highly modular structure, and high voltage rating, have made the MMC a good option for several high-voltage high-power applications, including high-voltage dc (HVdc) transmission, static compensators (STATCOMs), and motor drives. However, its unique features, such as a large number of submodules, floating capacitor voltages, and circulating currents, require a dedicated control system able to manage the terminal variables as well as the internal variables with high dynamical performance. Over the past years, several research studies have been conducted to address the technical challenges associated with the operation and control of the MMC. In this paper, a review of the latest research and development on MMCs is shown, focusing on the challenges and proposed solutions proposed for this power converter still faces in terms of modeling, control, reliability, power topologies, and new applications. This paper has been published in IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society Check full paper at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9360490 ...
Analysis and Design Considerations of a Contactless Magnetic Plug for Charging Electric Vehicles Directly From the Medium-Voltage DC Grid With Arc Flash Mitigation
Authors: Richard B. Beddingfield, Suvendu Samanta, Mark S. Nations, Isaac Wong, Paul R. Ohodnicki Jr., and Subhashish Bhattacharya Extended Abstract: High power electric interconnects are challenging to create safely. Furthermore, disconnecting them while a load is energized can often lead to a localized arc within the plug as the electrical contact is broken. Communication failures can lead to unsafe plug operation in ‘smart’ plugs. Similarly, exposed electrical contacts make medium voltage plugs inherently unsafe. This paper re-envisioned the plug into a gapped magnetic coupling for applications where safety is paramount or MV training is not requisite for general users (e.g. data centers, electric vehicle charging, and harsh environments). This novel magnetic plug guarantees safe operation and connection through galvanic and physical separation from the MV side. It achieves this with a gap and barrier in the transformer core in between the MV and LV windings. We introduce a unique asymmetry in the core to localize parasitic capacitance, fully separating the medium and low voltage regions. This approach eliminates arcing risk and allows high power, MV interconnect capabilities to be delivered to the general public. Detailed results from finite element analysis are presented in the reference along with experimental data to verify operation in an EV charging application. A 20kW, 1kV to 50V ...
Frequency-Domain Modeling of Dual-Active-Bridge Converter Based on Harmonic Balance Approach
Authors: Sayandev Ghosh, Dhiman Das, Bhim Singh, Sindhu Janardhanan, Sukumar Mishra Extended Abstract: The dual active bridge (DAB) converter contains both AC and DC states. Hence, state space average modeling of DAB is intricate. In the literature, several models of DAB have been developed to reconstruct the AC state. However, full order models provide better accuracy than reduced order models. Frequency domain based modeling captures the total behaviour of the converter such as generalized average modeling (GAM) or series-based solutions. However, with the consideration of more harmonics in the model, derivation of state equations and thus state matrices become tedious. Thus, it poses a limitation in the consideration of the harmonics in the large signal model. This paper proposes a harmonic state space (HSS) modeling framework for DAB that overcomes above obstacles and accurately models both the AC and DC states depending on the inclusion of the number of harmonics in it. The modeling framework described here is applicable to single, dual and triple phase shift modulation schemes. This modeling framework presents a straightforward approach and has a definite structure, which presents flexibility and ease in deriving the input-output relationship. This framework is based on complex form of Fourier series ...
Performance Supervised Plant-Wide Process Monitoring in Industry 4.0: A Roadmap
Authors: Yuchen Jiang, Shen Yin, Okyay Kaynak Extended Abstract: The intensive research and development (R&D) efforts directed towards large-scale complex industrial systems in the context of Industry 4.0 indicate that safety and reliability issues pose significant challenges. During online operation, system performance degradation will lead, not only to economic losses, but also potential safety hazards. In the existing research and technical routes, the target of the fault diagnosis systems is to trigger alarms to report the fact of the existence of malfunctions as well as the underlying reasons accurately. However, it remains unanswered how urgent it is to fix it, and what degrees of fault-tolerance, maintenance, and fault recovery are needed. Further analyses are necessary to evaluate the impact of the detected fault on the plant-wide performance. In this article, to enable a more comprehensive and precise description of the plant-wide operational status, the roles of the commonly used performance metrics, the state-of-the-art performance evaluation approaches, as well as the performance-oriented and plant-wide process monitoring techniques are investigated. On this basis, an alternative straightforward technical route, embedded in the cyber-physical-social system framework is proposed. The paper rethinks the technical route of plant-wide process monitoring and highlights the alternative research ...
An Artificial Intelligence Approach for Real-Time Tuning of Weighting Factors in FCS-MPC for Power Converters
Authors: Sergio Vazquez; Daniel L. Marino; Eduardo Zafra; Maria Dolores Valdes Pena; Juan J. Rodriguez-Andina; Leopoldo Garcia Franquelo; Milos Manic Extended Abstract: In this paper a finite control set model predictive control is used to track a current reference in a power converter connected to an RL load. An artificial intelligence (AI) approach is presented for real-time determination of the weighting factor that regulates the average switching frequency, independently of the operating point. The paper focuses on the design, training, and digital implementation of an artificial neural network (ANN) that can be developed in a low-cost control platform. It is presented a sampling and offline ANN training procedure, together with a low-cost hardware implementation based on integer quantization of the ANN. The above approach provides a standalone application, serving as a framework for development of ANN applications for power-converters. The main advantage of the presented approach is that the ANN inference is executed in real-time. In this way, the weighting factor is automatically updated in real-time, allowing the system to quickly adapt to any reference step changes, and consequently provide the desired behavior. Executing the setup in laboratory prototype confirmed the theoretical analysis and successful tracking of the reference frequency. Published in IEEE Transactions on Industrial ...
A Resonant Frequency Tracking Technique For LLC Converters Based DC Transformers
Authors: Yuqi Wei, Quanming Luo, Alan Mantooth Extended Abstract: Large circulating current and reactive power exist for the LLC / CLLC converter in the case that f s < f r , where f s is the switching frequency and f r is the resonant frequency; on the other hand, in the scenario of f s > f r , the switching losses for both primary and secondary semiconductor devices are increased due to the large turn-off current and high di / dt related reverse recovery issue, respectively. When operating at the natural resonant frequency of inductor and capacitor or f s = f r , the regulation capability for LLC / CLLC converter is lost since the voltage conversion ratio is constant. This application of the LLC is known as a DC transformer (DCX), which has been widely adopted in energy storage systems as an interconnection between different units. However, due to the variation of circuit parameters, the switching frequency is different from the resonant frequency, which results in converter efficiency degradation and loss of output voltage regulation capability for two-stage applications. In this article, by sensing both the output and input voltage, the converter voltage conversion ratio is computed on-line. Based on the comparison result between the calculated gain and unity, the switching ...
Towards Grid of Microgrids: Seamless Transition between Grid-Connected and Islanded Modes of Operation
Authors: Silvanus D'silva, Mohammad Shadmand, Sertac Bayhan, Haitham Abu-Rub Extended Abstract: With the ever-increasing number of blackouts in distribution systems arising from a variety of natural and manmade disasters, the frequent and necessary isolation/reconnection of loads without power deviations/fluctuations has become an important issue. Grid of microgrids (MGs) is a promising solution towards a highly resilient and efficient power grid operation. To facilitate this implementation, seamless transition with the utility grid is a key feature today’s MG control scheme need to possess. This transition is of great prominence, especially after the accelerated adaptation of distributed renewable energy sources (RES) in MGs. This ability of the MGs should ensure uninterrupted energy services to critical loads and infrastructures. Thus, the implementation of MG control strategies to enable smooth transition between grid-connected (GC) and islanded (IS) operation modes is mandatory. The control scheme implemented should therefore be capable of mitigating the stirring voltage/current deviations due to frequency/phase misalignment during the transition process. This paper provides an overview of the various MG control schemes that enable seamless transition between GC and IS modes of operation. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a generic overview of the challenges and existing techniques available in literature ...
A Survey on Event-Triggered Sliding Mode Control
Authors: Abhisek K. Behera; Bijnan Bandyopadhyay; Michele Cucuzzella; Antonella Ferrara and Xinghuo Yu Extended Abstract: Event-triggered control (ETC) is a novel strategy for designing controllers for sampled-data systems. Here, by incorporating an event condition in the feedback loop, the data transmission is regulated over the network subject to the satisfactory response of the closed-loop system. Under this feedback constraint, the ETCs have shown promising results, even in the presence of uncertainties/disturbances. Sliding mode control (SMC) is an effective tool for uncertain systems guaranteeing robust performance. In the past decade, many results were reported on the design of event-triggered SMC, which can handle both feedback constraint and disturbance effect. Indeed, a new sliding motion is obtained, known as the practical sliding mode, in which any arbitrary bound for the sliding function can be achieved by appropriately designing the event condition. This paper catalogues almost all developments in event-triggered SMC, from its initial proposal to various applications till the appearance of this paper. We give an overview of the design of classical SMC for both linear and nonlinear systems in the event-triggering framework. The different event-triggering conditions are covered with emphasis on their respective advantages. Some discussion is also presented on the higher-order SMC. The wide application of ...
ZPUC: A New Configuration of Single DC Source for Modular Multilevel Converter Applications
Saeed Arazm, Kamal Al-Haddad ABSTRACT: Z packed U-cell (ZPUC) converter topology is presented in this paper as a new type of multilevel converter topology that can be operated in a single phase as well as in three-phase configurations while using a single DC source. Since each U-cell includes two switches which operates complimentarily and one capacitor, in this topology, three U-cells are needed to generate 5 or 7 voltage levels. Moreover, the proposed configuration for the ZPUC is more appropriate for high-power application modular multilevel converters (MMCs) to increase the voltage levels compared to other topologies. ZPUC generates unipolar waveform which is highly functional on MMC application to generate higher voltage levels compared to bipolar topologies such as (packed U-cells) PUC and full-bridge (FB). However, it requires DC fault circuit breaker for disconnecting of DC fault current. Moreover, the components count of ZPUC are less than half of the half-bridge (HB) unipolar topology. The remarkable note is that the DC voltage source on ZPUC is divided among the submodules of leg (one phase), while it is divided among the submodules of the arm on the other topologies. This solution reduces the cost, weight, and volume of the ZPUC converter compared ...
DCM-Based Bridgeless PFC Converter for EV Charging Application
Authors: Abhinandan Dixit; Karan Pande; Sivanagaraju Gangavarapu; Akshay Kumar Rathore Abstract: On-board battery chargers (OBC) are a crucial part of electric vehicle (EV) industry. OBC comprises of a two-stage structure where front-end converter is a power factor correction (PFC) unit and a back-end DC-DC converter which controls the battery charging process. The front-end converter is the most complex part of the battery charger in terms of control and design. This paper proposes a single-phase switched-mode bridgeless ac-dc buck-boost derived converter that can serve as a front-end converter for the on-board EV charging application. The bridgeless scheme rules out the orthodox bridge rectifier and the affiliated losses. The proposed converter operates in discontinuous current conduction mode (DCM), thus achieving natural power factor correction for variable ac input. In addition to this, sensing of input voltage and input current is fended off because of DCM operation making the converter reliable, cost-effective, and robust compared with conventional continuous current conduction mode converters. Furthermore, the control becomes simple with the employment of a single sensor and the elimination of the phase-locked loop. The proposed front-end converter is well suited for low-voltage battery chargers ranging between 1.0 and 3.3 kW installed in golf-carts and E-rickshaws. A ...
Gate Drivers for Medium-Voltage SiC Devices
Authors: Anup Anurag, Sayan Acharya, Nithin Kolli and Subhashish Bhattacharya Extended Abstract: Extensive research in wide-bandgap material technology such as silicon carbide (SiC) has led to the development of medium voltage (MV) power semiconductor devices with blocking voltages of 3.3 kV to 15 kV. When these devices are used in various applications, they are exposed to a high peak voltage stress and a very high dv/dt (50 V/ns to 100 V/ns). These impose stringent requirements on the gate driver requiring a high isolation voltage capability along with a high dv/dt ruggedness, which makes it necessary to have an ultra-low coupling capacitance between primary and secondary sides of the isolated gate driver power supply. One of the key issues in achieving this MV isolation pertains to the necessary clearance and creepage requirements, as defined in IEC 61800-5-1 standards. For the successful operation of these gate drivers to be demonstrated in MV converter applications such as Solid-State Transformers [SST], MV grid-connected converters, and MV motor drives, substantial research to improve the gate drivers' performance and provide a plug-and-play solution is needed. This work aims to comprehensively review and develop these gate drivers and consolidate various required design features concerning their galvanic isolation ...
A Comprehensive Review of the Integration of Battery Energy Storage Systems Into Distribution Networks
Authors: Marco Stecca; Laura Ramirez Elizondo; Thiago Batista Soeiro; Pavol Bauer; Peter Palensky Abstract: Recent developments in the electricity sector encourage a high penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). In addition, European policies are pushing for mass deployment of Electric Vehicles (EVs). Due to their non-controllable characteristics, these loads have brought new challenges in distribution networks, resulting in increased difficulty for Distribution System Operators (DSOs) to guarantee a safe and reliable operation of the grid. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) are promising solutions for mitigating the impact of the new loads and RES. In this paper, different aspects of the BESS's integration in distribution grids are reviewed. At first, the physical layer will be considered, focusing on the main battery technologies commercially available and on the power electronics converter. Secondly, the different functionalities that a grid-connected BESS can provide will be investigated, and then its sizing, location and control in distribution network will be discussed. In addition, an overview of actual BESSs installations is given. All in all, this paper aims at providing a comprehensive view of BESSs integration in distribution grids, highlighting the main focus, challenges, and research gaps for each one of these aspects. Published in IEEE ...
A Simple Technique for Fundamental Harmonic Approximation Analysis in Parallel and Series-Parallel Resonant Converters
Authors: Akshay Kumar Rathore, Senior member IEEE, and Venkata R Vakacharla, student member IEEE Abstract The Fundamental Harmonic Approximation (FHA) analysis favored engineers by alleviating obstacles in analysis, loss computation, and optimization by reducing complex resonant converter into a mere Resistance-Inductance-Capacitance (RLC) circuit. However, to improve the power density of an X-ray machine power supply, elimination of filter inductor leaves parallel and series-parallel resonant converters with capacitive filter in output, which forces the Rear End Rectifier (RER) to draw discontinuous currents. These unprecedented discontinuous currents through resonant tanks complicate the FHA analysis, a simple and elegant approach, by forcing it to adopt computer-aided techniques and numerical methods similar to the time domain, state-space, and state-plane approaches. Therefore, all available tools, including traditional FHA, fail to model these converters with reduced complexity and labor. Addressing this issue, this paper presents a technique to restore the simplicity of FHA analysis in the case of parallel and series-parallel resonant converters terminated with capacitive filters. The authenticity, simplicity, and accuracy of the proposed technique are demonstrated through results. Further, a detailed comparison with existing modeling techniques is also provided. This paper is published in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics Check full paper at: ...
Small-Signal Modeling and Closed-Loop Control of a Parallel–Series/Series Resonant Converter for Wireless Inductive Power Transfer
Authors: Suvendu Samanta ; Akshay Kumar Rathore Abstract: Usually, the parallel-compensated inductive power transfer (IPT) topology fed by a current-source inverter is controlled through variable switching frequency and fixed 50% duty cycle method. This enables the system to operate at resonance frequency, which drifts due to load and other parameter variations. Owing to this control constraint, the load requirements are fulfilled by adding extra dc-dc chopper at the output. This paper presents a new control technique for a parallel-series/series IPT network, fed from a full-bridge current-source inverter to meet the load demand directly by an inverter. Therefore, the extra chopper stage at the output side of the converter is eliminated. The control goals are achieved through a two-loop control method, where the inner input current loop controls the source current and the outer output current loop meets the load requirements. The detailed steady-state operation, converter design, small-signal modeling, and control are reported, and experimental results obtained from a 1.6-kW lab prototype are included to verify the mathematical analysis. This paper is published in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics Check full paper at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8331928 ...